El Nino

The El Nino is a narrow current of warm water that appears off the coast of Peru sometime in December-January and which lasts till March. The name literally means ‘The Child’ and refers to the Child Christ, apt because the appearance of the current coincides with Christmas. As it flows southward along the west coast of South America, it warms the cold waters of the coast of Ecuador and Peru.

            El Nino was first recorded as early as in 1726 and it has returned on an average of once every four years. El Nino is believed to be related to a shift in air movements over the tropical Pacific Ocean. Changes in wind direction bring about changes in the circulation and temperature of the oceans. This in turn further disrupts ocean currents and air movements.

            A powerful El Nino is 1982 and 1983 caused severe drought in Australia and Indonesia. It also caused storms in California and rains and floods in Ecuador and Peru. The El Nino effect also profoundly affects the Indian monsoons.

The initial signs of an El Niño are:
1. Surface pressure will be raised over Indonesia, Australia and Indian Ocean.
2. There will be a fall in air pressure over Tahiti and in the rest of central and eastern Pacific Ocean.
3. Trade winds in south pacific will be weakening or will head to east.
4. Warm air will be raised near Peru lands which will be causing rain in the northern Peruvian deserts.
5. Warm water will spread from west pacific and the Indian ocean to the east pacific. It takes the rain along it, which will cause drought in the western pacific and will cause rainfall in the dry eastern pacific.